Bis(perfluoralkyl)phosphinous acids and derivatives and use thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acids, bis(perfluoroalkyl)thiophosphinous acids and derivatives, the synthesis thereof and the use thereof, in particular for the synthesis of air-stable metal complexes for catalytic processes.

The invention relates to bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acids or bis(perfluoroalkyl)thiophosphinous acids, derivatives thereof, the synthesis thereof and the use thereof, in particular for the synthesis of air-stable metal complexes for catalytic processes.

Phosphinous acids are of great interest for the synthesis of air-stable metal complexes for homogeneous catalysis. Palladium complexes with bis(tertbutyl)phosphinous acid are known which have high activity for cross-coupling reactions which result in the formation of new C—C, C—N or C—S bonds.

The phosphinous acids known to date containing alkyl or aryl groups are very unstable compounds and cannot be isolated. Stabilisation is generally carried out by complexing with a transition metal. Such transition-metal complexes are marketed, for example, by the company COMBIPHOS CATALYSIS Inc., Princeton, N.J., USA.

The object of the invention was to prepare stable phosphinous acids which are suitable for the preparation of transition-metal complexes for homogeneous synthesis.

Surprisingly, it has been found that phosphinous acids can be stabilised in the acid form by the introduction of perfluoroalkyl groups having from two C atoms on the phosphorus atom. Although the known bis(trifluoromethyl)phosphinous acid (CF₃)₂POH can be isolated, it has, however, low stability, is pyrophoric in air and the complex synthesis thereof prevents practical application of this acid. The low stability is probably caused by possible elimination of difluorocarbene, a process which is known in the literature for trifluoromethylated phosphorus compounds, for example in W. Mahler, Inorg. Chem. 2 (1963), 230.

By contrast, bis(pentafluorophenyl)phosphinous acid, as incorrectly described in D. D. Magnelli, G. Tesi, j. U. Lowe, W. E. McQuistion, Inorg. Chem. 1966, 5, 457-461, exists in the solid state, but also in solutions of chloroform, toluene or diethyl ether exclusively in the phosphine oxide form (C₆F₅)₂P(O)H and not in the form of the phosphinous acid (C₆F₅)₂POH.

The phosphinous acids of the formula I, as explained below, can be synthesised starting from industrially accessible materials, in contrast to the known bis(trifluoromethyl)phosphinous acid. In addition, it has been found, surprisingly, that salts of the phosphinous acid according to the invention have excellent properties and can be used, in particular, as ionic liquids.

The thiophosphinous acids of the formula I, as explained below, can be prepared from the phosphinous acid chlorides.

Ionic liquids or liquid salts are ionic species which consist of an organic cation and a generally inorganic or organic anion. They do not contain any neutral molecules and usually have melting points below 373 K.

The properties of ionic liquids, for example melting point, thermal and electrochemical stability, viscosity, are strongly influenced by the nature of the anion. By contrast, the polarity and hydrophilicity or lipophilicity can be varied through a suitable choice of the cation/anion pair.

The invention therefore relates to compounds of the formula I

or corresponding salts of the formula II

where R¹ and R² each stand, independently of one another, for straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl groups having 2 to 12 C atoms, A stands for O or S, X stands for H, straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 18 C atoms, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 C atoms, alkenyl having 2 to 12 C atoms, alkynyl having 2 to 12 C atoms, aryl, alkyl-aryl, Si(R⁰)₃ or Sn(R⁰)₃ if n stands for the integer 1, X stands for H, halogen, N(R⁰)₂ if n stands for the integer 0, Y⁺ stands for ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium, heterocyclic cations containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom, Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ or Cs⁺ if n stands for the integer 1, and R⁰ stands for a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms. R¹ and R² may be different or identical. R¹ and R² are particularly preferably identical.

A preferably stands for O.

Straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl groups having 2 to 12 C atoms conform to the formula C_(m)F_(2m+1), where m=2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. R¹ and R² preferably each stand, independently of one another, for pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl or linear or branched nonafluorobutyl or perfluorohexyl. R¹ and R² very particularly preferably stand for pentafluoroethyl or linear nonafluorobutyl.

Straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 4, 1 to 6, 1 to 8, 1 to 12, 1 to 18 or 1 to 20 C atoms conform to the formula C_(p)H_(2p+1), where p=1, 2, 3 or 4, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20, for example methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, i-butyl or tert-butyl, furthermore also pentyl, 1-, 2- or 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-, 1,2- or 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl or hexyl, furthermore also heptyl, octyl, furthermore also nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl or octadecyl, furthermore also nonadecyl or eicosyl.

A straight-chain or branched alkenyl, preferably having 2 to 10 C atoms, is, for example, allyl, 2- or 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, sec-butenyl, furthermore 4-pentenyl, isopentenyl, hexenyl, octenyl or decenyl.

A straight-chain or branched alkynyl, preferably having 3 to 10 C atoms, is, for example, propargyl, 2- or 3-butynyl, furthermore 4-pentynyl, hexynyl, octynyl or decynyl.

Cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 C atoms denotes unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl groups having 3-7 C atoms, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl or cycloheptenyl, each of which may be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups.

Aryl stands, for example, for substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, naphthyl or anthryl. Aryl particularly preferably stands for unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

Substituted phenyl denotes phenyl which is substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₂- to C₆-alkenyl, NO₂, CN, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁-C₆-alkoxy, SCF₃, SO₂CF₃, COOH, C(O)OR″, C(O)X′, C(O)NR″₂, C(O)H, C(O)R″, SO₂X′, SO₂NR″₂ or SO₃H, where X′ denotes F, Cl or Br and R″ denotes an unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl or C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl as defined, for example o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, o-, m- or p-ethylphenyl, o-, m- or p-propylphenyl, o-, m- or p-isopropylphenyl, o-, m- or p-tert-butylphenyl, o-, m- or p-nitrophenyl, o-, m- or p-hydroxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-methoxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-ethoxyphenyl, o-, m-, p-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, o-, m-, p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, o-, m-, p-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl, o-, m- or p-fluorophenyl, o-, m- or p-chlorophenyl, o-, m- or p-bromophenyl, o-, m- or p-iodophenyl, further preferably 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dibromophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl or 2,4,5-trimethylphenyl. Aryl is very particularly preferably unsubstituted phenyl.

Unfluorinated C₁-C₆-alkoxy corresponds to an alkoxy group of the formula OC_(p)H_(2p+1), where p=1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, for example methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy or hexoxy, where the alkyl groups of the alkoxy groups may be straight-chain or branched. In the case of perfluorinated alkoxy groups, all H atoms of the above-mentioned formula have been correspondingly replaced by F. In the case of alkoxy groups which are partially substituted by F, only some H have been replaced by F.

Alkyl-aryl denotes, for example, benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl, phenylpentyl or phenylhexyl, particularly preferably benzyl.

R⁰ stands for a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, tert-butyl, hexyl or octyl, particularly preferably for methyl or butyl.

Halogen denotes Cl, Br or I, preferably Cl or Br.

In formula I, X preferably stands for H if n=1, i.e. for a bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acid if A=O or for a bis(perfluoroalkyl)thiophosphinous acid if A=S.

Derivatives of this phosphinous acid are preferably compounds of the formula I in which X preferably stands for a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 C atoms, phenyl, benzyl, trimethylsilyl or tributylstannyl if n=1.

For A=S, preference is given to compounds of the formula I in which X stands for H and n=1.

In formula I, X preferably stands for H or halogen if n=0. This applies to compounds of the formula I where A=O or S, in particular to compounds of the formula I where A=O.

In formula II, Y⁺ stands either for a metallic cation, for example Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ or Cs⁺, or for an organic cation from the group ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium or a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom if n=1.

In the case of the metallic cations, Y⁺ preferably stands for Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺ or K⁺, particularly preferably Lit Lithium salts are particularly interesting salts for electrochemical applications, for example as conductive salts in electrochemical cells.

The compounds of the formula II with the organic cations from the group ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium or a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom if n=1 are used, in particular, as ionic liquids.

Preferred for ammonium are ammonium cations of the formula (1)

[NR₄]⁺  (1),

where R in each case, independently of one another, can be H, OR′, NR′₂, with the proviso that a maximum of one substituent R in formula (1) is OR′, NR′₂, straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, where one or more R may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl, or partially by —OH, —OR′, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)NR′₂, —SO₂NR′₂, —C(O)X′, —SO₂OH, —SO₂X, —NO₂, and where one or two non-adjacent carbon atoms in R which are not in the α-position may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂O—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —N⁺R′₂—, —P(O)R′O—, —C(O)NR′—, —SO₂NR′—, —OP(O)R′O—, —P(O)(NR′₂)NR′—, —PR′₂═N— or —P(O)R′— where R′ can be ═H, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkylu, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and X′ can be =halogen.

Preferred for phosphonium are phosphonium cations of the formula (2)

[PR³ ₄]⁺  (2),

where R³ in each case, independently of one another, can be

H, OR′, NR′₂,

straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, where one or more R³ may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl, or partially by —OH, —OR′, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)NR′₂, —SO₂NR′₂, —C(O)X′, —SO₂OH, —SO₂X, —NO₂, and where one or two non-adjacent carbon atoms in R³ which are not in the α-position may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂O—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —N⁺R′₂—, —P(O)R′O—, —C(O)NR′—, —SO₂NR′—, —OP(O)R′O—, —P(O)(NR′₂)NR′—, —PR′₂═N— or —P(O)R′— where R′ can be ═H, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and X′ can be =halogen.

Preferred for guanidinium are guanidinium cations of the formula (3)

[C(NR⁸R⁹)(NR¹³R¹¹)(NR¹²R¹³)]⁺  (3),

where R⁸ to R¹³ each, independently of one another, denote

H, —CN, NR′₂, —OR′,

straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, where one or more of the substituents R⁸ to R¹³ may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl, or partially by —OH, —OR′, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)NR′₂, —SO₂NR′₂, —C(O)X′, —SO₂OH, —SO₂X′, —NO₂ and where one or two non-adjacent carbon atoms in R⁸ to R¹³ which are not in the α-position may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂O—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —N⁺R′₂—, —P(O)R′O—, —C(O)NR′—, —SO₂NR′—, —OP(O)R′O—, —P(O)(NR′₂)NR′—, —PR′₂═N— or —P(O)R′— where R′═H, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and X′=halogen.

Preferred for a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen atom are heterocyclic cations of the formula (4)

[HetN]⁺  (4),

where HetN⁺ denotes a heterocyclic cation selected from the group

where the substituents R¹′ to R⁴′ each, independently of one another, denote

H, —CN, —OR′, —NR′₂, —P(O)R′₂, —P(O)(OR′)₂, —P(O)(NR′₂)₂, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′,

straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, saturated, partially or fully unsaturated heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl, where the substituents R^(1′), R^(2′), R^(3′) and/or R^(4′) together may also form a ring system, where one or more substituents R¹′ to R⁴′ may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl, or —OH, —OR′, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)NR′₂, —SO₂NR′₂, —C(O)X′, —SO₂OH, —SO₂X′, —NO₂, but where R^(1′) and R^(4′) cannot simultaneously be fully substituted by halogens, and where, in the substituents R¹′ to R⁴′, one or two non-adjacent carbon atoms which are not bonded to the heteroatom may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂O—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —N⁺R′₂—, —P(O)R′O—, —C(O)NR′—, —SO₂NR′—, —OP(O)R′O—, —P(O)(NR′₂)NR′—, —PR′₂═N— or —P(O)R′— where R′═H, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and X′=halogen.

Preference is given for a heterocyclic cation containing at least one phosphorus atom to heterocyclic cations of the formula (5)

[HetP]⁺  (5),

where HetP⁺ denotes a heterocyclic cation selected from the group

where X₁ stands for P, Y₁ stands for N or P, R^(1″), R^(2″) and R^(3″) each, independently of one another, have the meaning H, straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, saturated, partially or fully unsaturated heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁-C_(s)-alkyl or aryl-C₁-C_(s)-alkyl, and where one or more substituents R^(1″) to R^(3″) may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl.

Fully unsaturated substituents in the sense of the present invention are also taken to mean aromatic substituents.

The substituents R of the compounds of the formula (1) are preferably H, straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms, in particular C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups, saturated or partially unsaturated C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl groups, which may be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups, or phenyl, which may be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups, in particular unsubstituted phenyl. R very particularly preferably stands for straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 4 C atoms.

The substituents R in formula (1) may be identical or different. Particular preference is given to compounds in which three substituents R are identical and one substituent R is different or in which all four substituents are identical. Very particularly preferably, three substituents R are identical and one substituent R is different.

The substituents R³ of the compounds of the formula (2) are preferably H, straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms, in particular C₁- to C₈-alkyl groups, saturated or partially unsaturated C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl groups, which may be substituted by C₁- to C₈-alkyl groups, in particular cyclohexyl, or phenyl, which may be substituted by C₁- to C₈-alkyl groups, in particular unsubstituted phenyl. R³ very particularly preferably stands for straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 4 C atoms. The substituents R³ in formula (1) may be identical or different. Particular preference is given to compounds in which three substituents R³ are identical and one substituent R³ is different or in which all four substituents are identical. Very particularly preferably, three substituents R³ are identical and one substituent R³ is different.

The substituents R and R³ are particularly preferably each, independently of one another, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, i-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl or tetradecyl.

The substituents R⁸ to R¹³ of the compounds of the formula (3) are preferably each, independently of one another, H, straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 20 C atoms, in particular C₁- to C₄-alkyl groups, and saturated or unsaturated, i.e. also aromatic, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl groups, which may be substituted by C₁- to C_(s)-alkyl groups, in particular phenyl.

Up to four substituents of the guanidinium cation of the formula (3) may also be bonded in pairs in such a way that mono-, bi- or polycyclic cations are formed.

Without restricting generality, examples of such guanidinium cations are:

where the substituents R⁸ to R¹⁹ and R¹³ can have a meaning or particularly preferred meaning indicated above.

If desired, the carbocycles or heterocycles of the guanidinium cations indicated above may also be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₁- to C₆-alkenyl, NO₂, CN, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, SCF₃, SO₂CF₃, C(O)OH, C(O)OR′, SO₂NR′₂, SO₂X′ or SO₃H, where X and R′ have a meaning indicated above, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or an unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle.

The substituents R⁸ and R⁹, R¹⁹ and R¹¹ and R¹² and R¹³ in compounds of the formulae for guanidinium cations as described above may be identical or different. R⁸ to R¹³ are particularly preferably each, independently of one another, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, i-butyl, phenyl or cyclohexyl, very particularly preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl or n-butyl.

In accordance with the invention, suitable substituents R^(1′) to R^(4′) of compounds of the formula (4), besides H, are preferably: C₁- to C₂₀-, in particular C₁- to C₁₋₂-alkyl groups, and saturated or partially unsaturated C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl groups, which may be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups, preferably cyclohexyl, or phenyl, which may be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups.

The substituents R^(1′) and R^(4′) are each, independently of one another, partitularly preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, i-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or benzyl. They are very particularly preferably methyl, ethyl, n-butyl or n-hexyl. In pyrrolidinium, piperidinium or indolinium compounds, the two substituents R^(1′) and R^(4′) are preferably different.

The substituent R^(2′) or R^(3′) is in each case, independently of one another, in particular H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl, i-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or benzyl. R^(2′) is particularly preferably H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, butyl or i-butyl. R^(2′) and R^(3′) are very particularly preferably H.

In accordance with the invention, suitable substituents R^(1″) to R^(3″) of compounds of the formula (5), besides H, are preferably: C₁- to C₂₀, in particular C₁- to C₁₂-alkyl groups, and saturated or partially unsaturated C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl groups, which may be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups, or phenyl, which may be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups.

R^(1″) is particularly preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or i-butyl.

R^(2″) is particularly preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or i-butyl.

R³″ is particularly preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or i-butyl.

A straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2 to 20 C atoms, in which a plurality of double bonds may also be present, is, for example, ethenyl, allyl, 2- or 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, sec-butenyl, furthermore 4-pentenyl, isopentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, —C₉H₁₇, —C₁₀H₁₉ to —C₂₀H₃₉, preferably allyl, 2- or 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, sec-butenyl, furthermore preferably 4-pentenyl, isopentenyl or hexenyl.

A straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2 to 20 C atoms, in which a plurality of triple bonds may also be present, is, for example, ethynyl, 1- or 2-propynyl, 2- or 3-butynyl, furthermore 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, —C₉H₁₆, —C₁₀H₁₇ to —C₂₀H₃₇, preferably ethynyl, 1- or 2-propynyl, 2- or 3-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl or hexynyl.

Aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl denotes, for example, benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl, phenylpentyl or phenylhexyl, where both the phenyl ring and also the alkylene chain may be partially or fully substituted, as described above, by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl, or partially by —OH, —OR′, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)NR′₂, —SO₂NR′₂, —C(O)X, —SO₂OH, —SO₂X, —NO₂. R′ and X have the meanings indicated above.

Unsubstituted saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl groups having 3-7 C atoms are therefore cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopenta-1,3-dienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexa-1,3-dienyl, cyclohexa-1,4-dienyl, phenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclohepta-1,3-dienyl, cyclohepta-1,4-dienyl or cyclohepta-1,5-dienyl, each of which may be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups.

In the substituents R, R³, R⁸ to R¹³ or R^(1′) to R^(4′), one or two non-adjacent carbon atoms which are not bonded in the α-position to the heteroatom may also be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂O—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —N⁺R′₂—, —P(O)R′O—, —C(O)NR′—, —SO₂NR′—, —OP(O)R′O—, —P(O)(NR′₂)NR′—, —PR′₂═N— or —P(O)R′—, where R′=unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl, which may be substituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl groups, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

Without restricting generality, examples of substituents R, R³, R⁸ to R¹³ and R^(1′) to R^(4′) modified in this way are:

—OCH₃, —OC H(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC H₃, —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃, —C₂H₄OCH(CH₃)₂, —C₂H₄C₂H₅, —C₂H₄SCH(CH₃)₂, —S(O)CH₃, —SO₂CH₃, —SO₂C₆H₅, —SO₂C₃H₇, —SO₂CH(CH₃)₂, —SO₂CH₂CF₃, —CH₂SO₂CH₃, —O—C₄H₈—O—C₄H₉, —CF₃, —C₂F₅, —C₃F₇, —C₄F₉, —C(CF₃)₃, —CF₂SO₂CF₃, —C₂F₄N(C₂F₆)C₂F₆, —CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —C₂F₂H₃, —C₃FH₆, —CH₂C₃F₇, —C(CFH₂)₃, —CH₂C(O)OH, —CH₂C₆H₅, —C(O)C₆H₅ or P(O)(C₂H₅)₂.

In R′, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl is, for example, preferably cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.

In R′, substituted phenyl denotes phenyl which is substituted by unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₂- to C₆-alkenyl, NO₂, CN, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁-C₆-alkoxy, SCF₃, SO₂CF₃, COOH, SO₂X′, SO₂NR″₂ or SO₃H, where X′ denotes F, Cl or Br and R″ denotes a unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl or C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl as defined for R′, for example o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, o-, m- or p-ethylphenyl, o-, m- or p-propylphenyl, o-, m- or p-isopropylphenyl, o-, m- or p-tert-butylphenyl, o-, m- or p-nitrophenyl, o-, m- or p-hydroxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-methoxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-ethoxyphenyl, o-, m-, p-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, o-, m-, p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, o-, m-, p-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl, o-, m- or p-fluorophenyl, o-, m- or p-chlorophenyl, o-, m- or p-bromophenyl, o-, m- or p-iodophenyl, further preferably 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dibromophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl or 2,4,5-trimethylphenyl.

In R^(1′) to R^(4′) or R^(1″) to R^(3″), heteroaryl is taken to mean a saturated or unsaturated mono- or bicyclic heterocyclic radical having 5 to 13 ring members, in which 1, 2 or 3 N and/or 1 or 2 S or O atoms may be present and the heterocyclic radical may be mono- or polysubstituted by C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₁- to C₆-alkenyl, NO₂, CN, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, SCF₃, SO₂CF₃, COOH, SO₂X′, SO₂NR″₂ or SO₃H, where X′ and R″ have a meaning indicated above.

The heterocyclic radical is preferably substituted or unsubstituted 2- or 3-furyl, 2- or 3-thienyl, 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 1-, 2-, 4- or 5-imidazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-pyrazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-oxazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isoxazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-thiazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isothiazolyl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl, 2-, 4-, 5- or 6-pyrimidinyl, furthermore preferably 1,2,3-triazol-1-, −4- or -5-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-1-, −4- or -5-yl, 1- or 5-tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazol-4- or -5-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3- or -5-yl, 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2- or -5-yl, 1,2,4-thiadiazol-3- or -5-yl, 1,2,3-thiadiazol-4- or -5-yl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-2H-thiopyranyl, 2-, 3- or 4-4H-thiopyranyl, 3- or 4-pyridazinyl,pyrazinyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzofuryl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzothienyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-1H-indolyl, 1-, 2-, 4- or 5-benzimidazolyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzopyrazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzoxazolyl, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzisoxazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzothiazolyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzisothiazolyl, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benz-2,1,3-oxadiazolyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinolinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-isoquinolinyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 9-carbazolyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-acridinyl, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-cinnolinyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinazolinyl or 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl.

Heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl is, analogously to aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl, taken to mean, for example, pyridinylmethyl, pyridinylethyl, pyridinylpropyl, pyridinylbutyl, pyridinylpentyl, pyridinylhexyl, where the heterocycles described above may furthermore be linked to the alkylene chain in this way.

HetN⁺ is preferably

where the substituents R^(1′) to R^(4′) each, independently of one another, have a meaning described above.

HetN⁺ is particularly preferably imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, morpholinium or pyridinium, as defined above, where the substituents R^(1′) to R^(4′) each, independently of one another, have a meaning described above. HetN⁺ is very particularly preferably imidazolium or pyrrolidinium, where the substituents R^(1′) to R^(4′) each, independently of one another, have a meaning described above.

HetP⁺ is particularly preferably

Preferred compounds are

-   1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-methyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N-butylpyridinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N-hexyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N-ethyl-3-hydroxymethylpyridinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methylpyrrolidinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   tetramethylammonium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   tetrabutylammonium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   ethyldimethylpropylammonium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   N-(methoxyethyl)-N-methylmorpholinium [(C₂F₅)₂PO]⁻, -   1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PS]⁻, -   1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PS]⁻, -   1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PS]⁻, -   1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PS]⁻, -   1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PS]⁻, -   1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₂F₅)₂PS]⁻, -   1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-methyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   N-butylpyridinium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   N-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   N-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   N-hexyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   N-ethyl-3-hydroxymethylpyridinium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻, -   N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methylpyrrolidinium [(C₄F₉)₂PO]⁻.

Particular combinations of features are also disclosed in the patent claims.

The present invention likewise relates to processes for the preparation of compounds of the formula I and salts of the formula II, where the substituents have a meaning indicated in claim 1 or a meaning described as preferred.

The invention therefore also relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I where A=O, X═H and n=1 and of salts of the formula II where Y⁺=Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺ or [NR₄]⁺ and n=1, characterised in that a tris(perfluoroalkyl)phosphine of the formula R¹R²R^(F)P is reacted with an inorganic or organic base, and the resultant salt of the formula II is reacted with a Brønsted acid to give the bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acid of the formula I, where R¹, R² have a meaning indicated in claim 1 or one of the meanings described above and R^(F) stands for a straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 C atoms or has a preferred meaning like R¹ or R².

The tris(perfluoroalkyl)phosphine of the formula R¹R²R^(F)P is preferably subjected to alkaline hydrolysis.

The alkaline hydrolysis is carried out in the presence of an aqueous solution of a base, in particular NaOH, KOH or NH₄OH, in an organic solvent, preferably in diethyl ether, followed by reaction with a Brønsted acid, preferably with HBr. The reaction is preferably carried out at room temperature.

Tris(perfluoroalkyl)phosphines of the formula R¹R²R^(F)P can be synthesised, for example, by reduction of tris(perfluoroalkyl)difluorophosphoranes [(R¹R²R^(F))PF₂], as described, for example, in WO 03/087113, Merck Patent GmbH.

The invention furthermore also relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I where A=O, X═H and n=1 and of the salts of the formula II, as described above, characterised in that a bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinyl chloride of the formula R¹R²P(═O)Cl is reacted with trialkyltin hydride and subsequently with a Brønsted acid, and the resultant bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acid R¹R²POH is reacted with a base selected from Me₂O, MeCN, MeOC(O)R′″ or Me₂CO₃ or a salt KtZ to give the salt of the formula II, where Me is selected from Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs, Kt is selected from ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium or a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom, as described above, R′″ corresponds to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or aryl, where aryl is as defined above, and Z corresponds to an anion.

The synthesis of the bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinyl chloride R¹R²P(═O)Cl with substituents as described above is possible, for example, by reaction of the corresponding phosphinic acid with PCl₅, as described, for example, in L. M. Yagupolskii, N. V. Pavlenko, N. V. Ignatiev, G. I. Matuschecheva, V. Ya. Semenii, Zh. Obsh. Khim. (Russ.), 54 (1984), 2, 334-339.

Preference is given to the use of a Brønsted acid from the group HCl, HBr or R′″SO₃H, where R′″ corresponds to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or aryl; HBr is particularly preferably used.

Preference is given to the use of a trialkyltin hydride (R′″)₃SnH, where R′″ corresponds to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or aryl, where aryl is as defined above, for example trimethyltin hydride, triethyltin hydride, tripropyltin hydride, tributyltin hydride, trihexyltin hydride, triphenyltin hydride. Tributyltin hydride is particularly preferably used.

However, the trialkyltin hydride in this reaction can alternatively also be replaced by tin hydrides of the formula (R′″)₂SnH₂, where R′″ in each case corresponds, independently of one another, to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or aryl, where aryl is as defined above.

The conversion of the compound of the formula I* R¹R²POH into a salt of the formula II, as described above, can now, in order to give the salts with inorganic cations, preferably be carried out in the presence of a base Me₂O, MeCN, MeOC(O)R′″ or Me₂CO₃, where Me is selected from Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs, and R′″ corresponds to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or aryl, where aryl is as defined above. Me is preferably selected from Ag, Li, Na or K.

The reaction is carried out, for example, in an organic solvent with an excess of base or acid R¹R²POH, preferably with one equivalent of base. Suitable solvents are 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, toluene or mixtures of the said solvents. Diethyl ether is preferably employed.

The reaction is preferably carried out at room temperature.

The conversion of the compounds of the formula I** R¹R²PSH into a salt of the formula II, as described above, can be carried out analogously to that described above.

The conversion of the compound of the formula I* R¹R²POH into a salt of the formula II, as described above, to give the salts with organic cations can now preferably be carried out in the presence of a salt KtZ, where Kt is selected from ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium or a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom, as described above, and Z corresponds to an anion.

The reaction is carried out, for example, in an organic solvent with an excess of salt or acid R¹R²POH, preferably with equivalent amounts of the reagents.

Suitable solvents are 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran or mixtures of the said solvents. Diethyl ether or acetonitrile is preferably employed.

The reaction is preferably carried out at room temperature.

However, it is alternatively also possible to prepare the salts of the formula II with organic cations, as described above, from the salts of the formula II with inorganic cations.

Accordingly, the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of the formula II, as described above, where n=1 and Y⁺ stands for ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium or a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom, characterised in that a salt of the formula II where n=1 and Y⁺ stands for Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ or Cs⁺ is reacted with a salt KtZ, where Kt is selected from ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium or a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom, and Z corresponds to an anion.

The reaction is carried out, for example, in an organic solvent. Suitable solvents are 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, acetonitrile, dichloromethane or mixtures of the said solvents. Diethyl ether, acetonitrile or dichloromethane is preferably employed.

The reaction is preferably carried out at −30° C. to room temperature, particularly preferably at room temperature.

The anion Z is preferably selected from Cl⁻, Br⁻, R⁰COO⁻, CF₃COO⁻, [BF₄]⁻, [PF₆]⁻ or R″SO₃ ⁻, where R⁰ has a meaning indicated in Claim 1, and R″ denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 7 C atoms, which is unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated, or denotes unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.

The definitions of the alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups and substituted phenyl, as described above, apply.

The anions Cl⁻, CH₃C(O)O⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, [BF]⁻ and [PF₆]⁻ are very particularly preferably used.

The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I where A=O, X═Cl and n=0, characterised in that a bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinyl chloride of the formula R¹R²P(═O)Cl is reacted with trialkyltin hydride and subsequently with aryltetrachlorophosphorane, and where R¹ and R² have a meaning described above.

The synthesis of the bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinyl chloride R¹R²P(═O)Cl with substituents as described above has been described above.

Preference is given to the use of a trialkyltin hydride (R′″)₃SnH, where R′″ corresponds to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or aryl, where aryl is as defined above, for example trimethyltin hydride, triethyltin hydride, tripropyltin hydride, tributyltin hydride, trihexyltin hydride, triphenyltin hydride. Tributyltin hydride is particularly preferably used.

However, the trialkyltin hydride in this reaction can alternatively also be replaced by tin hydrides of the formula (R′″)₂SnH₂, where R′″ in each case corresponds, independently of one another, to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or aryl, where aryl is as defined above.

Aryltetrachlorophosphorane is selected, for example, from phenyltetrachlorophosphorane, tolyltetrachlorophosphorane, 1,2-phenylenephosphorus trichloride. In particular, phenyltetrachlorophosphorane is used. The reaction is carried out, for example, in 1,6-dibromohexane with an excess of aryltetrachlorophosphorane.

The reaction is preferably carried out at room temperature.

The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I where A=O, X═Cl and n=0, characterised in that a tris(perfluoroalkyl)phosphine of the formula R¹R²R^(F)P is reacted with an inorganic or organic base and subsequently with a chlorinating agent, and where R¹, R² have a meaning indicated in Claim 1, and R^(F) denotes a straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 C atoms.

Tris(perfluoroalkyl)phosphines of the formula R¹R²R^(F)P can be synthesised, for example, by reduction of tris(perfluoroalkyl)difluorophosphoranes [(R¹R²R^(F))PF₂], as described, for example, in WO 03/087113, Merck Patent GmbH.

The inorganic base is, for example, MeOH, Me₂O or Me₂CO₃, where Me is selected from Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs. Me is preferably selected from Li, Na or K.

The organic base is, for example, [NR₄]OH, where R has one of the meanings indicated above for formula (1).

The chlorinating agent is, for example, SOCl₂, SO₂Cl₂, C(O)ClC(O)Cl, PCl₅, PCl₅ or PhPCl₄. PhPCl₄ is particularly preferably used. Ph denotes phenyl.

The reaction with a base is carried out, for example, in an organic solvent with an excess of base. Solvents which are suitable for the chlorination reaction are 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diglyme, triglyme, 1,2-dibromohexane or mixtures of the said solvents. Diglyme or 1,2-dibromohexane is preferably employed.

The reaction is preferably carried out at −20° C. to room temperature, particularly preferably at 0° C.

The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I where A=S, X═H and n=1, characterised in that a bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acid chloride of the formula R¹R²PCl is reacted with a sulfide of the formula K′₂S, where K′ denotes Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs or [NH₄] and where R¹, R² have a meaning indicated in Claim 1.

The synthesis of the bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acid chlorides is carried out in accordance with the invention as described above.

Sulfides of the formula K′₂S are commercially available or can be prepared by known methods, where K′ has a meaning mentioned. Na₂S or K₂S is particularly preferably used, Na₂S is very particularly preferably used.

The reaction is carried out, for example, in an organic solvent. Suitable solvents are 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, acetonitrile, dichloromethane or mixtures of the said solvents. Diethyl ether, acetonitrile or dichloromethane is preferably employed, dichloromethane is very particularly preferably employed.

The reaction is preferably carried out at −30° C. to room temperature, particularly preferably at room temperature.

The invention also relates to transition-metal complexes containing at least one compound of the formula I, as described above. Compounds of the formula I where A=O are preferably employed, i.e. metal-P and metal-O bonds or metal-P or metal-O bonds are preferably formed. The position of the compound of the formula I may on the one hand be terminal, on the other hand a quasi-chelate may be formed. Compounds of the formula I in which n=1 and X═H or alkyl having 1 to 18 C atoms or in which n=0 and X═H are preferably employed for the formation of the metal complexes. Compounds of the formula I in which A=O, n=1 and X═H or alkyl having 1 to 18 C atoms or in which A=O, n=0 and X═H are particularly preferably employed for the formation of the metal complexes.

Preferred transition-metal complexes conform to the formulae III to VII, where compounds of the formula I where A=O, n=1 and X═H are preferably used. It is known to the person skilled in the art also to apply these formulae III to VII to the other compounds of the formula I, as described above.

Preferred transition-metal complexes are therefore compounds of the formulae III to VII

where M¹ and M² are transition metals selected from the group Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Ru, Ni, Co, Fe, Au, Os, Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mn, Mo, W, Re, Y, Nd, Yb, Sm, Tb or La, L is an anionic, neutral or cationically charged ligand, R¹ and R² each stand, independently of one another, for straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl groups having 2 to 12 C atoms, and R¹/R² in formula IV stands for R¹ or R² or R²/R¹ in formula IV stands for R² or R¹ and R⁰ stands for a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, and n denotes the number of ligands necessary to saturate the valences of M¹ or M², and where in formula VII, the sum n+m corresponds to the coordination number of the metal M². In formula VII, n may also be equal to 0. M¹ and M² are preferably selected from Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Ni, very particularly preferably Pd and Pt or Pd or Pt.

Ligands for metal complexes according to the invention can be anionic, neutral or cationically charged ligands which are known to the person skilled in the art in the area of metal complexes. Examples of ligands L are preferably selected from H, OH, Cl, ═O, CO, CH₃CN, R⁰COO, PR⁰ ₃, phosphinous acid, phosphinites, NR⁰ ₃, dialkyl ethers, cyclic ethers, including tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, a double bond, a triple bond, aryl, cyclopentadienyl, or heterocyclic ligands, for example heterocyclic carbenes, or “pincer ligands”; L is very particularly preferably Cl.

Pincer ligands are known, for example, from C. J. Moulton et al, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1976, 1020-1024, M. E. van der Boom, et al, Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 1759-1792, and are known to the person skilled in the art in the area of catalysis. Pincer complexes consist of a metal centre and a tridentate ligand, which is connected to the metal centre via at least one metal-carbon σ bond. Examples are planar aryl compounds.

The substituents R¹, R², R⁰ have a meaning indicated above or a preferred meaning indicated above.

The type of complex, whether a mononuclear complex of the formula III, V, VI or VII or a polynuclear complex of the formula IV, depends on the reaction conditions, metal cations and also ligands selected. It is also possible for mixtures of the said transition-metal complexes to be formed and used.

Both the transition-metal complexes of the formulae III to VII and mixtures thereof are highly suitable for homogeneous catalysis. Mixtures are therefore mixtures of the complexes of the formula III with formula IV, V, VI or VII, mixtures of the complexes IV with formula V, VI or VII, mixtures of the complexes of the formula V with formula VI or VII, mixtures of the formula VI and VII, three-component combinations of the complexes of the formulae III to VII or four-component combinations of the complexes of the formulae III to VII.

Mixtures in which the substituents of the formulae III to VII, as described above, are identical or different may also be advantageous.

The metal complexes of the formula III, IV, V, VI or VII according to the invention and mixtures thereof, as described above, are preferably advantageous for the following reactions:

Heck reaction, Suzuki reaction, Hiyama reaction with siloxanes, KumadaTorriu reaction, Negishi reaction, Negishi-Stille reaction, Sonogashira reaction, C—S coupling reaction, C—N coupling reaction, C—O coupling reaction, C—B coupling reaction, C—P coupling reaction, decarboxylating biaryl coupling, hydroformylation or a C—H activation, polymerisation, or oxidation and hydrogenation reactions.

Details of the individual reaction types are indicated below:

Heck Reaction:

Mechanism¹

-   -   starting materials: 2-chloroquinoline, R¹═CO₂t-Bu->cat.: POPd,         POPd1, POPd2¹     -   R¹═CO₂t-Bu->cat.: POPd²     -   R¹═C₆H₅, CO₂Bu->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/carbene³     -   R¹=Ph, CO₂n-Bu->cat.: PdHAP-1⁴     -   R¹═CO₂n-Bu->cat.: [Pd(C₃H₅)Cl]₂/tedicyp^(5,6)     -   R¹═CO₂n-Bu, CO₂t-Bu->cat.: Pd₂(dba)₃ ⁷     -   R¹═CO₂n-Bu,->cat.: Pd/carbene complex⁸     -   Pd catalysis in ionic liquids⁹

Bases: K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, NaOAc, Cy₂NMe, Et₃N, t-BuOK, t-BuONa, DABCO.

Solvents: DMF, dioxane, DMA, NMP, toluene.

Temperature: reflux.

-   1 J. P. Knowles, A. Whiting, Org. & Biomol. Chem., 2007, 5, 31-44. -   2 C. Wolf, R. Lerebours, J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 7077-7084. -   3 G. Y. Li, G. Zheng, A. F. Noonan, J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66,     8677-8681. -   4 V. Caló, R. Del Sole, A. Nacci, E. Schingaro, F. Scordari, Eur. J.     Org. Chem., 2000, 2000, 869-871. -   5 K. Mori, K. Yamaguchi, T. Hara, T. Mizugaki, K. Ebitani, K.     Kaneda, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 11572-11573. -   6 M. Feuerstein, H. Doucet, M. Santelli, J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66,     5923-5925. -   7 M. Feuerstein, H. Doucet, M. Santelli, Synlett., 2001, 12,     1980-1982. -   8 A. H. M. de Vries, J. M. C. A. Mulders, J. H. M. Mommers, H. J. W.     Henderickx, J. G. de Vries, Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 3285-3288. -   9 Ai-E Wang, Jian-Hua Xie, Li-Xin Wang, Qi-Lin Zhou, Tetrahedron,     2005, 61, 259-266. -   10 R. Singh, M. Sharma, R. Mamgain, D. S. Rawat, J. Braz. Chem.     Soc., 2008, 19, 357-379.

Suzuki Reaction:

-   -   reaction at room temperature->cat.: Pd₂(dba)₃/P(t-Bu)₃ ¹¹     -   reaction at room temperature->cat.: [Cl₂Pd(COD)]/piperazine¹²     -   R=2-fluorobenzene->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/phosphine ligand¹³     -   Ar=C₆F₅->cat.: Pd₂(dba)₃/P(t-Bu)₃ ¹⁴     -   Ar=C₆F₅+dibromothiophene->Pd(PPh₃)₄ ¹⁵     -   Ar=Ph->cat.: POPd¹⁶     -   nickel catalyst [Ni(cod)₂]/PCy₃ (cyclohexane)¹⁷     -   nickel catalyst [Ni(dppf)Cl₂]¹⁸     -   R=benzylic phosphate->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/PPh₃ ¹⁹     -   review article, compare with Stille and Si(OMe)₃ ²⁰

-   11 A. F. Littke, C. Dai, G. C. Fu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122,     4020-4028.

-   12 S. Mohanty, D. Suresh, M. S. Balakrishna, J. T. Mague,     Tetrahedron, 2008, 64, 240-247.

-   13 J. Kingston, J. Verkade, J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 2816-2822.

-   14 T. Korenaga, T. Kosaki, R. Fukumura, T. Ema, T. Sakai, Org.     Lett., 2005, 7, 4915-4917.

-   15 K. Takimiya, N. Niihara, T. Otsubo, Synthesis, 2005, 10,     1589-1592.

-   16 G. Y. Li, J. Angew. Chem., 2001, 113, 1561-1564.

-   17 M. Tobisu, T. Shimasaki, N. Chatani, Angew. Chem., 2008, 120,     4944-4947.

-   18 A. F. Indolese, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 3513-3516.

-   19 M. McLaughlin, Org. Lett., 2005, 7, 4875-4878.

-   20 C. J. Handy, A. S. Manoso, W. T. McElroy, W. M. Seganish, P.     DeShong, Tetrahedron, 2005, 61, 12201-12225.

->variant with perfluoroalkyltrifluoroborates; cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/PPh₃ ²¹ Further papers->

-   -   cat.: [Pd(dppf)Cl₂]²²     -   vinyl trifluoroborate and benzyl         3,5-bis(benzyloxy)-4-bromobenzoate->cat.: [Pd(dppf)Cl₂]²³

-   -   cat.: Pd(OAc)₂ ²⁴     -   →review²⁵

Bases: K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, CsF, KF, t-BuOK, t-BuONa, NaOH, KOH, K₃PO₄.

Solvents: dioxane, THF, MeOH, Me₂CHOH, DME, toluene, DMF, DMA, NMP.

Temperature: RT to reflux.

-   20 H.-J. Frohn, N. Yu. Adonin, V. V. Bardin, V. F. Starichenko,     Tetrahedron Lett., 2002, 43, 8111-8114. -   22 G. W. Kabalka, G. Dong, B. Venkataiah, Tetrahedron Lett., 2004,     45, 5139-5141. -   23 R. R. Carter, J. K. Wyatt, Tetrahedron Lett., 2006, 47,     6091-6094. -   24 L. Joucla, G. Cusati, C. Pinel, L. Djakovitch, Tetrahedron Lett.,     2008, 49, 4738-4741. -   25 S. Darses, J.-P. Genet, Chem. Rev., 2008, 108, 288-325.     Hyama Reaction with Siloxanes:

-   -   reaction with aryl halides in water->cat.: POPd1²⁶     -   starting material: 4-haloquinoline->cat. POPd, POPd1, POPd2²⁷     -   review article, compare with Stille and Suzuki²⁰

Bases: TBAF, K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, NaOH, KOH, K₃PO₄.

Solvents: DMF, MeCN, i-PrOH, EtOAc, DMA, THF.

Temperature: reflux.

-   26 C. Wolf, R. Lerebours, Org. Lett., 2004, 6, 1147-1150. -   27 C. Wolf, R. Lerebours, E. H. Tanzini, Synthesis, 2003, 13,     2069-2073.     Kumada-Toriu reaction

cat.: POPd, POPd1²⁸

-   28 G. Y. Li, J. Organomet. Chem., 2002, 653, 63-68.

-   -   R=Me, isopropyl, OMe; R′=Me, cyclohexane, OMe, R″=Me, H, OMe; or         2-MgBr-terphenyl->cat.: POPd, Ni(COD)₂/(t-Bu)₂P(O)H²⁹

Solvents: THF, dioxane, Et₂O, DME.

Temperature: RT or reflux

-   29 C. Wolf, H. Xu, J. Org. Chem., 2008, 73, 162-167.

Negishi Reaction

-   -   Ar=Ph, X═C₁->cat.: POPd, POPd2³⁷     -   Ar=alkyl, aryl, alkenyl->cat.: Pd₂(dba)₃/PCyp₃ (note:         Cyp=cyclopentyl)³⁰     -   R=2,4,6-isopropyl, Ar=OMe->cat. Pd₂(dba)₃/S-phos. or Ru-phos.         etc.³¹

Solvents: NMP, THF, toluene, DME.

Temperature: room temperature to reflux

-   30 J. Zhou, G. C. Fu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 12527-12530. -   31J. E. Milne, S. L. Buchwald, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126,     13028-13032.

Negishi-Stille Reaction

-   -   starting material: 4-haloquinoline->cat.: POPd, POPd1,         POPd2^(2,32)     -   one-pot synthesis from Stille and Heck reaction³³

Bases: R₃N.

Solvents: dioxane, DMF, THF.

Temperature: reflux.

-   32 C. Wolf, R. Lerebours, J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 7551-7554. -   33 P. von Zerschwitz, F. Petry, A. de Meijere, Chem. Eur. J., 2001,     7, 4035-4046.

Sonogashira Reaction

-   -   use of various sterically hindering phosphine ligands and         calculation of the kinetics³⁴     -   Sonogashira reaction in water³⁵     -   Sonogashira reaction in ionic liquid³⁶

Bases: amines, pyrrolidine, NaOH, KOH, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃.

Solvents: dioxane, DMF, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Temperature: reflux

-   34 M. R. an der Heiden, H. Plenio, S. Immel, E. Burello, G.     Rothenberg, H. C. J. Hoefsloot, Chem. Eur. J., 2008, 14, 2857-2866. -   35 C. Wolf, R. Lerebours, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2004, 2, 2161. -   36 J.-C. Hierso, J. Boudon, M. Picquet, P. Meunier, Chem. Eur. J.,     2007, 13, 583-587.

C—S Coupling Reaction:

-   -   R′=t-Bu;->cat.: POPd¹⁶     -   R′=alkyl, Ph->cat.: POPd, POPd1^(3,2,37)

Bases: t-BuOK, t-BuONa, Cy₂NMe, Et₃N, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃.

Solvents: DMSO, dioxane, toluene, DME.

Temperature: RT to reflux.

-   37 G. Y. Li, J. Org. Chem., 2002, 67, 3643-3650.

C—N Coupling Reaction:

-   -   starting material: 4-haloquinoline; R′=Ph->cat.: POPd, POPd1,         POPd2^(2,3,16)     -   copper catalyst at room temperature         [Cul/N,N-diethylsalicylamide]³⁸

-   38 A. Shafir, S. L. Buchwald, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 8742-8473.

-   -   reaction at room temperature->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/phosphine ligand³⁹

-   39 Ch. V. Reddy, J. V. Kingston, J. G. Verkade, J. Org. Chem., 2008,     73, 3047-3062.

-   -   reaction at room temperature; R′=Me, R″=Ph->cat.:         Pd(OAc)₂/phosphine ligand³⁹     -   reaction at 80° C., Ph->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/phosphine ligand³⁹     -   nickel catalyst         [trans-haloarylbis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II)]⁴⁰     -   reaction at room temperature->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/phosphine ligand³⁹

-   40 C. Chen, L.-M. Yang, J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 6324-6327.

-   -   reaction at room temperature->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/phosphine ligand³⁹

-   -   reaction at room temperature->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/phosphine ligand³⁹

Bases: t-BuOK, t-BuONa, R₃N, NaOH, KOH, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃.

Solvents: DMSO, dioxane, toluene, DMF.

Temperature: RT to reflux.

C—O Coupling Reaction:

-   -   C—O coupling with subsequent Claisen rearrangement->cat.:         Cu/amine ligand [1,10-phenanthroline]⁴¹     -   C—O coupling in the case of primary and secondary         alcohols->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/phosphine ligands [note: Strem         company]⁴²     -   C—N vs. C—O coupling in the case of amino alcohols->selectivity         in the copper-catalysed synthesis [CuI/diketone]⁴³

-   41 G. Nordmann, S. L. Buchwald, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125,     4978-4979.

-   42 A. V. Vorogushin, X. Huang, S. L. Buchwald, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,     2005, 127, 8146-8149.

-   43 A. Shafir, P. A. Lichtor, S. L. Buchwald, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,     2007, 129, 3490-3491.

-   -   X═Br, Cl; R=t-Bu->cat.: Pd₂(dba)₃/P(t-Bu)₃, or phosphine ligand,         which is not air-stable⁴⁴

Bases: t-BuOK, t-BuONa, NaOH, KOH, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃.

Solvents: DMSO, dioxane, toluene, DMF, DME, o-xylene.

Temperature: reflux.

-   44 G. Mann, C. Incarvito, A. L. Rheingold, J. F. Hartwig, J. Am.     Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 3224-3225.

C—B Coupling Reaction:

-   -   starting material: R¹R²N—BH₂ R¹═R²=/Pr->cat.: (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂ ⁴⁵

-   45 L. Euzenat, D. Horhant, Y. Ribourdouille, C. Duriez, G.     Alcaraz, M. Vaultier, Chem. Commun., 2003, 2280-2281.

-   -   starting material: lactam derivative; subsequent reaction in the         Suzuki reaction⁴⁶

-   46 A. Ferrali, A. Guarna, F. Lo Galbo, E. G. Occhiato, Tetrahedron     Lett., 2004, 45, 5271-5274.

-   -   starting material: diene->cat.: Pd₂(dba)₃/phosphine ligand⁴⁷

Bases: NaOH, KOH, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₃PO₄, R₃N.

Solvents: dioxane, toluene, DMF, DME.

Temperature: reflux

-   47 N. F. Pelz, J. P. Morken, Org. Lett., 2006, 8, 4557-4559.

C—P Coupling Reaction:

-   -   starting material: 2,6-dibromopyridine->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂ ⁴⁸     -   Ar¹=Ar²=Ph->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂; microwaves⁴⁹     -   Ar¹=2-(CF₃)C₆H₄->cat.: Pd(OAc)₂/phosphine ligand⁵⁰

Bases: R₃N,N-Me-piperidine, KOAc, NaOAc, DABCO, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃.

Solvents: toluene, DMF, DMA, acetonitrile, methanol, NMP.

Temperature: reflux

-   48 O. Herd, A. HeBler, M. Hingst, M. Tepper, O, Stelzer, J.     Organomet. Chem., 1996, 522, 69-76. -   49 A. Stadler, C. O. Kappe, Org. Lett., 2002, 4, 3541-3543. -   50 C. Korff, G. Helmchen, Chem. Commun., 2004, 530-531.     Decarboxylatinq biaryl coupling:

-   -   use of various heteroaromatic carboxylic acids->cat.:         Pd/P(t-Bu)₃ ⁵¹

-   51 P. Forgione, M.-C. Brochu, M. St-Onge, K. H. Thesen, M. D.     Bailey, F. Bilodeau, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 11350-11351.

X═O,N,S Y═CH, N ->cat.: Pd/P(t-Bu)₃ ⁵²

Advantage over C—H activation is the regioselectivity, which is ensured by the carbonyl function.

Bases: K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₃PO₄, R₃N.

Solvents: NMP, toluene, DMF, DME.

Temperature: reflux

-   52 O. Baudoin, Angew. Chem., 2007, 119, 1395-1397.

Hydroformylation:

-   -   cat. Rh(I)/BISBI, BIPHEPHOS, XANTPHOS⁵³     -   characterisation of the intermediates->Pt/Ph₂POH⁵⁴     -   long-chain α-olefins>C₇; H₂O/organic solvent two-phase         system->cat.: phosphonate/phosphine complex⁵⁵     -   stereoselective hydroformylation of enamides->cat.:         Rh(acac)(CO)₂/phosphite ligands⁵⁶     -   investigations of phosphites having various steric and         electronic properties (Ex.: 4-CF₃—C₆H₄); use of supercritical         CO₂->cat.: Rh/phosphites⁵⁷     -   hydroformylation in ionic liquids⁵⁸

Solvents: toluene, H₂O.

Temperature: 60-120° C.

Other cond.: 20-60 bar CO₂/H₂

-   53 B. Breit, Acc. Chem. Res., 2003, 36, 264-275. -   P. W. N. M. van Leeuwen, C. F. Roobeek, J. H. G. Frijns, G. Orpen,     Organometallics, 1990, 9, 1211-1222. -   55 S. Bischoff, M. Kant, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2000, 39, 4908-4913. -   56 O, Saidi, J. Ruan, D. Vinci, X. Wu, J. Xiao, TetrahedronLett.,     2008, 49, 3516-3519. -   57 C. T. Estorach, A. Orej'on, A. M. Masdeu-Bult'o, Green Chemistry,     2008, 10, 545-552. -   58 M. Naumann, A. Riisager, Chem. Rev., 2008, 108, 1474-1497.

C—H Activation:

-   -   starting materials: pentafluorobenzene,         2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine, 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene, etc.->cat.:         Pd(OAc)₂/S-phos.⁵⁹ [further papers]^(60,61)     -   gold-catalysed reactions starting from C—H activation⁶²

Bases: K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, R₃N, KOt-Bu, NaOt-Bu.

Solvents: toluene, DMF, DME, DMA, i-PrOAc, EtOAc.

Temperature: reflux.

-   59 M. Lafrance, D. Shore, K. Fagnou, Org. Lett., 2006, 8, 5097-5100. -   60 M. Lafrance, C. N. Rowley, T. K. Woo, K. Fagnou, J. Am. Chem.     Soc., 2006, 128, 8754-8756. -   61 L.-C. Campeau, M. Parisien, A. Jean, K. Fagnou, J. Am. Chem.     Soc., 2006, 128, 581-590. -   62 R. Skouta, C.-J. Li, Tetrahedron, 2008, 64, 4917-4938.

Structures of the catalysts used in the literature:

The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the transition-metal complexes of the formulae III, IV, V, VI and VII, as described above, characterised in that a compound of the formula I, as described above or as preferably described, particularly preferably where X═H and n=1, is reacted with a precursor compound containing the transition metal, in particular a compound M¹L₂ or M²L₂, where M¹, M² and L have one of the meanings indicated above or the preferred meanings.

The reaction is carried out, for example, in an organic solvent. However, the reaction can also be carried out without a solvent. Suitable solvents are diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran. Diethyl ether is preferably employed.

The reaction is carried out at −30° C. to the boiling point of the solvent, preferably at 0° C. to room temperature, particularly preferably at room temperature.

The reaction is preferably carried out using dried solvents and under inert-gas conditions, i.e. under inert gases, such as argon or nitrogen.

The invention also relates to the use of complexes of the formula III, IV, V, VI or VII and mixtures thereof as catalyst for the treatment of surfaces or for the production of nanoparticles of the corresponding metal M¹ or M².

Nanoparticles are synthesised by the reduction, thermolysis, photolysis or electrolysis of complexes of the formula III, IV, V, VI or VII or salts of the formula II in solvents, for example in organic solvents or ionic liquids, or in an inert liquid or gaseous phase, or without a solvent (J. Krämer et al., Ionische Flüssigkeiten als Templat für Nanosynthesen [Ionic Liquids as Template for Nanosyntheses], GIT Laboratory Journal, No. 4, 2008, pp. 400-403; E. Redel et al., First Correlation of Nanoparticles Size-Dependent Formation with Ionic Liquid Anion Molecular Volume, Inorganic Chemistry, 47, 2008, pp. 14-16).

Furthermore, the salts of the formula II, as described above, where Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ or Cs⁺ is excluded for Y⁺, preferably form an ionic liquid.

Areas of application of ionic liquids are, for example, the use as solvent or solvent additive, as phase-transfer catalyst, as extractant, as heat-transfer medium, as surface-active substance, as plasticiser, as antistatic, as flameproofing agent or as conductive salt or as additive for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical cells.

The present invention therefore furthermore relates to the use of salts of the formula II, as described above, where Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ or Cs⁺ is excluded for Y⁺, as solvent or solvent additive, as phase-transfer catalyst, as extractant, as heat-transfer medium, as surface-active substance, as plasticiser, as antistatic, as flameproofing agent or as conductive salt or as additive for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical cells.

In the case of the use as solvent, this is suitable in any type of reaction known to the person skilled in the art, for example for transition-metal- or enzyme-catalysed reactions, such as, for example, hydroformylation reactions, oligomerisation reactions, esterifications or isomerisation reactions, where the said list is not definitive.

On use as extractant, the ionic liquid can be employed for separating off reaction products, but also for separating off impurities, depending on the solubility of the respective component in the ionic liquid. In addition, the ionic liquids can also serve as separating agents in the separation of a plurality of components, for example in the distillative separation of a plurality of components of a mixture.

Further possible applications are the use as plasticiser in polymer materials, as flameproofing agent for a number of materials or applications and as conductive salt or additive in various electrochemical cells and applications, for example in galvanic cells, in capacitors or in fuel cells.

Further areas of application of ionic liquids, i.e. here the salts of the formula II, as defined above, are the use as solvent for carbohydrate-containing solids, in particular biopolymers and derivatives or decomposition products thereof. In addition, some preferred salts of the formula II may be suitable as grease, operating fluids for machines, such as, for example, compressors, pumps or hydraulic devices. Furthermore, some preferred salts of the formula II may also be suitable for electro-optical cells, for example in sensors.

Even without further comments, it is assumed that a person skilled in the art will be able to utilise the above description in the broadest scope. The preferred embodiments and examples should therefore merely be regarded as descriptive disclosure which is absolutely not limiting in any way.

EXAMPLES

The NMR spectra were measured on solutions in deuterated solvents at 20° C. in a Bruker Avance 300 spectrometer with a 5 mm ¹H/BB broadband probe with deuterium lock, unless indicated in the examples. The measurement frequencies of the various nuclei are: ¹H: 300.13 MHz, ¹⁹F: 282.41 MHz, ³¹P: 121.49 MHz and ¹³C, 75.47 MHz. The referencing method is indicated separately for each specimen or data set.

Example 1 Bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid

4.79 g (16.5 mmol) of (C₄H₉)₃SnH are dissolved in 1,6-dibromohexane, and the solution is degassed (vacuum) for 15 min. 2.20 g (6.9 mmol) of bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinyl chloride, (C₂F₅)₂P(O)Cl, are added. The solution is stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and the volatile products are subsequently removed in vacuo. The residue is stirred at room temperature under an HBr atmosphere (7.3 mmol) for 20 min, and the volatile compounds are then removed under dynamic vacuum conditions. Three cold traps having a different temperature are employed, at −30° C., −78° C. and −196° C. At −78° C., an uncoloured liquid is obtained and identified as bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid. The compound is stable at room temperature under inert-gas conditions.

¹H NMR (C₆D₆; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 2.2 s.

¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −81.9 d,m (2CF₃), −123.4 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(A)), −124.5 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(B)), ²J_(P,F(A))=71 Hz, ²J_(P,F(B))=57 Hz, ²J_(F(A),F(B))=320 Hz, ³J_(P,F)=15 Hz.

³¹P NMR (CDCl₃; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 84.4 m.

Example 2 Bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid chloride or synonymously bis(pentafluoroethyl)chlorophosphine Method A:

2.5 g (7.8 mmol) of bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinyl chloride, (C₂F₆)₂P(O)Cl, are added to a solution of 4.9 g (16.8 mmol) of (C₄H₉)₃SnH in 1,6-dibromohexane. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for one hour, and the volatile compounds are then removed in vacuo. 1.24 g (5.0 mmol) of C₆H₅Cl₄ are added, and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 20 min. The volatile compounds are removed under dynamic vacuum conditions. Three cold traps are employed: −30° C., −78° C. and −196° C. The cold trap at −196° C. contains the colourless liquid, identified as bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid chloride, (C₂F₅)₂PCl. The compound is stable at room temperature under inert-gas conditions.

¹⁹F NMR (diethyl ether; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −80.8 d,m (2CF₃), −116.5 m (2CF_(2,) A,B system), ³J_(P,F)=14 Hz.

³¹P NMR (diethyl ether; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 60.4 m.

Method B:

A solution of 1.16 g (3.0 mmol) of tris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphine, (C₂F₅)₃P, in 1,2-dimethoxyethane is treated with an excess (6 mmol) of a 1.5 M solution of KOH in water. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The residue is taken up in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and an excess of PCl₅ (6 mmol) is added, giving bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid chloride, (C₂F₅)₂PCl, identified as described above.

Example 3 Ethyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite

Bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid chloride, (C₂F₅)₂PCl, obtainable in accordance with Example 2, is added to a mixture of ethanol and 4-dimethylaminopyridine in diethyl ether at room temperature. The precipitated product 4-dimethylaminopyridinium chloride is separated off, and the solution comprises ethyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite, (C₂F₅)₂POC₂H₅.

The compound is isolated by conventional methods.

¹⁹F NMR (diethyl ether; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −81.6 d,m (2CF₃), −122.6 m (2CF₂, A,B system), ³J_(P,F)=15 Hz.

³¹P{¹⁹F} NMR (diethyl ether; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 105.7 m, ³J_(P,H)=9 Hz.

Example 4 Tributylstannyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite

(C₂F₅)₂POH+(C₄H₉)₃SnH→(C₂F₅)₂POSn(C₄H₉)₃+H₂

0.29 g (1.0 mmol) of bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid (C₂F₅)₂POH, obtainable in accordance with Example 1, is condensed into a mixture of 0.22 g (0.8 mmol) of tributyltin hydride, (n-C₄H₉)₃SnH, in 10 ml of dry diethyl ether at −196° C. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 min, and the solvent is subsequently removed in vacuo. The residue is a colourless liquid, tributylstannyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite. The compound is stable at room temperature under inert-gas conditions.

¹⁹F NMR (C₆D₆; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −81.0 d,m (2CF₃), −124.3 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(A)), −124.9 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(B)), ²J_(P,F(A))=74 Hz, ²J_(P,F(B))=66 Hz, ²J_(F(A),F(B))=319 Hz, ³J_(p,F)=14 Hz.

³¹{¹⁹F} NMR (C₆D₆; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 107.4, ²J_(P,Sn)=48 Hz.

¹¹⁹Sn NMR (C₆D₆; standard: (CH₃)₄Sn), δ, ppm: 180.7 d, ²J_(Sn,P)=48 Hz.

Example 5 Trimethylsilyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite

An excess of trimethylsilyl chloride, (CH₃)₃SiCl, is added to a mixture of tributylstannyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite and tributyltin chloride, which is obtainable in accordance with the description of Example 1 or 4, giving trimethylsilyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite, (C₂F₅)₂POSi(CH₃)₃.

The compound is isolated by conventional methods.

¹⁹F NMR (diethyl ether; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −82.8 d (2CF₃), −124.1 d (2CF₂), ²J_(P,F)=73 Hz, ³J_(P,F)=15 Hz.

³¹P NMR (diethyl ether; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 94.6 sept, quin; ²J_(P,F)=73 Hz, ³J_(P,F)=14 Hz.

²⁹Si{¹H} NMR (diethyl ether; standard: tetramethylsilane), δ, ppm: 31.1 d, ²J_(Si,P)=8 Hz.

Example 6 Bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphine

0.3 g (1.0 mmol) of bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid chloride, (C₂F₅)₂PCl, obtainable in accordance with Example 2, is condensed into a degassed solution of 0.61 g (2.0 mmol) of tributyltin hydride, (n-C₄H₉)₃SnH, in 1,6-dibromohexane. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for one hour, and the volatile compounds are subsequently removed under dynamic vacuum conditions. Three cold traps are used: −30° C., −78° C. and −196° C. The cold trap at −196° C. contains a colourless liquid, bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphine, (C₂F₅)₂PH. The compound is stable at room temperature under inert-gas conditions.

¹H NMR (C₆D₆; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 3.7 d,m, ¹J_(P,H)=232 Hz.

¹⁹F NMR (C₆D₆; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −83.5 d,m (2CF₃), −102.3 d,m (CF₂, F_(A)), −108.9 d,m (CF₂, F_(B)), ³J_(P,F)=15 Hz.

³¹P NMR (C₆D₆; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: −51.6 d,m, ¹J_(P,H)=230 Hz.

Example 7 Sodium bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite

A solution of 1.16 g (3.0 mmol) of tris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphine, (C₂F₅)₃PH, in 1,2-dimethoxyethane is treated with an excess (6 mmol) of a 1.5 M solution of NaOH in water. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 min, and the solvent is subsequently removed in vacuo, giving a colourless residue, sodium bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite, (C₂F₅)₂PONa.

¹⁹F NMR (dimethoxyethane; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −81.1 d (2CF₃), −126.3 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(A)), −127.4 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(B)), ²J_(P,F(A))=67 Hz, ²J_(P,F (B))=54 Hz, ²J_(F(A),F(B))=314 Hz, ³J_(P,F)=12 Hz.

³¹P NMR (dimethoxyethane; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 109.2 m.

Example 8 Bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid

29 mmol of a 1.5 molar aqueous sodium hydroxide solution are added to a solution of 5.2 g (13.3 mmol) of tris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphine in 50 ml of diethyl ether, and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. After removal of the aqueous phase, 50 ml of 1,6-dibromohexane are added, and all volatile constituents are removed overnight in vacuo. The reaction mixture is reacted with 13 mmol of HBr, and the product is separated off from the reaction mixture by means of fractional condensation (3 cold traps at −30° C., −78° C. and −196° C.). The compound is stable at room temperature under inert-gas conditions.

The product is characterised by means of NMR spectroscopy. The spectrum corresponds to the values indicated in Example 2.

Example 9 Chlorobis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphine

4.8 g (12.4 mmol) of tris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphine are condensed onto 50 ml of ether, and 25 mmol of 1.5 molar sodium hydroxide solution are added with stirring. After 30 minutes, 50 ml of 1,6-dibromohexane are added to the separated organic phase, and all volatile constituents are removed overnight in vacuo.

3.5 g (12.6 mmol) of PhPCl₄ are dissolved in 1,6-dibromohexane, degassed in vacuo and added dropwise to the phosphinite solution at 0° C. After the mixture has been stirred for 10 minutes, the product, chlorobis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphine, is separated off from the reaction mixture by means of fractional condensation (cold trap at −196° C.). The compound is stable at room temperature under inert-gas conditions.

The product is characterised by means of NMR spectroscopy. The spectrum corresponds to the values indicated in Example 1.

Example 10 4-Pentenyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite

0.13 g (1.5 mmol) of 4-penten-1-ol is initially introduced in CH₂Cl₂ with 0.21 g (1.5 mmol) of K₂CO₃, and 0.46 g (1.5 mmol) of bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid chloride, (C₂F₅)₂PCl, is condensed in. After the mixture has been stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes, the precipitate is filtered off. The product, 5-penten-1-yl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite, a colourless liquid, is isolated by fractional condensation and characterised by spectroscopy.

¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −81.8 d (2CF₃), −122.4 d (2CF_(2,)), ²J_(P,F)=74 Hz, ³J_(P,F)=13 Hz.

³¹P {¹⁹} NMR (CDCl₃; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 105.6 t, ³J_(P,H)=8 Hz.

Example 11 9-Decenyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite

0.31 g (1.9 mmol) of 9-decen-1-ol is initially introduced in CH₂Cl₂ with excess K₂CO₃, and 0.64 g (2.1 mmol) of bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid chloride, (C₂F₅)₂PCl, is condensed in. After the mixture has been stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, the precipitate is filtered off, and volatile substances are removed in vacuo. The product, 9-decenyl bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinite, remains as a colourless, oily liquid, which is characterised by spectroscopy.

¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −81.9 d (2CF₃), −122.4 d (2CF_(2,)), ²J_(P,F)=74 Hz, ³J_(P,F)=13 Hz.

³¹P {¹⁹} NMR (CDCl₃; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 105.5 m.

Example 12 Platinum complex with bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid

A mixture of 0.286 g (1 mmol) of bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid, obtainable in accordance with Example 1, and 0.113 g (0.4 mmol) of platinum dichloride is stirred at room temperature for three days in 5 ml of dry diethyl ether. The mixture becomes yellow. After removal of diethyl ether, the platinum complex is isolated as a solid. The compound is stable at room temperature under inert-gas conditions.

¹⁹F NMR (diethyl ether; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −79.2 s (4CF₃),

−113.9 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(A)), −117.1 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(B)). ³¹P NMR (diethyl ether; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 81.4 m.

¹⁹⁵Pt NMR (diethyl ether; standard: Na₂PtCl₆), δ, ppm: −3941 t, ¹J_(Pt,P)=3313 Hz.

¹H NMR (C₆D₆; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 5.8 br.t.

Elemental analysis:

found 11.65% C, 0.23% H, calculated 11.46% C, 0.24% H.

Example 13 Palladium complex with bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid

A mixture of 0.858 g (3 mmol) of bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid, obtainable in accordance with Example 1, and 0.241 g (1.36 mmol) of palladium chloride is stirred at room temperature for five days in 25 ml of dry diethyl ether. The mixture becomes yellow. After removal of diethyl ether, the palladium complex is isolated as a solid.

¹⁹F NMR (diethyl ether; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −79.5 s (4CF₃), −110.5 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(A)), −116.2 d,d,m (CF₂, F_(B)).

³¹ P NMR (diethyl ether; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 86.3 m.

Elemental Analysis:

found 13.82% C, 0.20% H, calculated 13.48% C, 0.20% H.

This palladium complex exists in solution in the presence of HCl in equilibrium with the corresponding mono-Pd complex I. However, removal of HCl and the solvent always gives the di-Pd complex.

Equilibrium Reaction:

Example 14 Synthesis of Biphenyl Via Suzuki Coupling

14a) 1.57 g (10 mmol) of bromobenzene and 4.15 g (30 mmol) of K₂CO₃ are added to a solution of 1.83 g (15 mmol) of phenylboronic acid in 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran. After the mixture has been stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, 0.21 g (0.15 mmol) of [{Pd[P(C₂F₅)₂O]₂H}₂(μ-Cl)₂], prepared in accordance with Example 13, is added, and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux for 3 hours. After cooling and addition of 100 ml of water, the reaction mixture is extracted with 200 ml of hexane. The organic phase is washed with water and dried using MgSO₄. After filtration and removal of the solvent (in vacuo), 0.99 g of biphenyl is isolated as a white solid. The yield is 64%, based on the bromobenzene employed.

The product, biphenyl, is characterised by spectroscopy.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 7.35-7.65 m (10H).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (CDCl₃; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 127.2; 127.3; 128.7; 141.3.

MS (20 eV): m/e (%): 154 (100), [M⁺].

14b) 1.57 g (10 mmol) of bromobenzene and 4.15 g (30 mmol) of K₂CO₃ are added to a solution of 1.83 g (15 mmol) of phenylboronic acid in 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran. After the mixture has been stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, 0.21 g (0.15 mmol) of [{Pd[P(C₂F₅)₂O]₂H}₂(μ-Cl)₂], prepared in accordance with Example 13, is added, and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux for 18 hours. After cooling and addition of 100 ml of water, the reaction mixture is extracted with 200 ml of hexane. The organic phase is washed with water and dried using MgSO₄. After filtration and removal of the solvent (in vacuo), 1.29 g of biphenyl are isolated as a white solid. The yield is 84%, based on the bromobenzene employed.

The product, biphenyl, is characterised by spectroscopy.

The NMR spectrum corresponds to the values indicated in Example 14a).

14c)

(28 mmol, 1 eq.) of bromobenzene and 9 g (42 mmol, 1.5 eq.) of K₃PO₄ are added to a solution of 5.13 g (42 mmol, 1.5 eq.) of phenylboronic acid in 60 ml of isopropanol. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes, and 0.02 g (14.03 μmol, 0.05 mol %) of [{Pd[P(C₂F₅)₂O]₂H}₂(μ-Cl)₂], prepared in accordance with Example 13, is subsequently added, and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After addition of 100 ml of water, the reaction mixture is extracted with 200 ml of hexane. The organic phase is washed with saturated sodium chloride solution and dried using MgSO₄. After filtration and removal of the solvent (in vacuo), 3.16 g of biphenyl are isolated as a white solid. The yield is 73%, based on the amount of bromobenzene employed.

The NMR spectrum corresponds to the values indicated in Example 14a).

Example 15 Synthesis of 2,4′-difluorobiphenyl via Suzuki Coupling

1.75 g (10 mmol) of 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene and 4.15 g (30 mmol) of K₂CO₃ are added to a solution of 2.09 g (15 mmol) of 4-fluorophenylboronic acid in 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran. After the mixture has been stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, 0.21 g (0.15 mmol) of [{Pd[P(C₂F₅)₂O]₂H}₂(μ-Cl)₂], prepared in accordance with Example 13, is added, and the reaction mixture is boiled for 18 hours. After cooling and addition of 100 ml of water, the reaction mixture is extracted with 200 ml of hexane. The organic phase is washed with water and dried using MgSO₄. After filtration and removal of the solvent (in vacuo), 1.35 g of 2,4′-difluorobiphenyl are isolated as a white solid. The yield is 70%, based on the 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene employed. The product, 2,4′-difluorobiphenyl, is characterised by spectroscopy.

¹H NMR (MHz, CDCl₃; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 7.20 m (1H), 7.37 m (1H), 7.25 m (1H), 7.45 m (1H), 7.57 m (2H), 7.18 m (2H).

¹⁹F NMR (282.4 MHz, CDCl₃; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −114.6 m (1F), −118.1 m (1F).

¹³C {¹H} NMR (75.47 MHz, CDCl₃; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 162.5 d (1C), ¹J_(C,F)=247 Hz; 159.7 d (1C), ¹J_(C,F)=248 Hz; 131.8 d (1C), ³J_(C,F)=3.9 Hz; 130.8 d (1C), ³J_(C,F)=3.0 Hz; 130.6 d (2C), ³J_(C,F)=2.9 Hz; 129.1 d (1C), 3J_(C,F)=8.2 Hz; 128.1 d (1C), ²J_(C,F)=13.4 Hz; 124.4 d (1C), ⁴J_(C,F)=3.7 Hz; 116.2 d (1C), ²J_(C,F)=22.6 Hz; 115.4 d (2C), ²J_(C,F)=21.5 Hz.

MS (20 eV): m/e (%): 190 (100), [M⁺].

Example 16 Synthesis of butyl (E)-3-(phenyl)acrylate; [(E)-butyl cinnamate] via Heck coupling

0.38 g (2.9 mmol) of butyl acrylate and 0.30 g (2.2 mmol) of K₂CO₃ are added to a solution of 0.32 g (2.0 mmol) of bromobenzene in 20 ml of dimethylformamide. After the mixture has been stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes, 0.08 g (0.05 mmol) of [{Pd[P(C₂F₅)₂O]₂H}₂(μ-Cl)₂], prepared in accordance with Example 13, is added, and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux for 20 hours. After cooling and addition of 100 ml of water, the reaction mixture is extracted with 100 ml of diethyl ether. The organic phase is washed with water and dried using MgSO₄. After filtration and removal of the solvent (in vacuo), 0.26 g of butyl (E)-3-(phenyl)acrylate is isolated as a colourless oil. The yield is 64%, based on the bromobenzene employed.

The product, butyl (E)-3-(phenyl)acrylate, is characterised by spectroscopy.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 7.70 d (1H, CH═), ³J_(H,H)=16 Hz; 7.55 m (2H, ArH); 7.40 m (3H, ArH); 6.46 d (1H, ═CHCO₂Bu), ³J_(H,H)=16 Hz; 4.23 t (2H, CH₂), ³J_(H,H)=6,5 Hz; 1.71 m (2H, CH₂); 1.45 m (2H, CH₂); 0.98 t (3H, CH₃); ³J_(H,H)=7.5 Hz.

¹³C {¹H} NMR (CDCl₃; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 167.0; 144.5; 134.4; 130.2; 128.8; 128.0; 118.2; 64.3; 30.7; 19.1; 13.7.

Example 17 Synthesis of butyl 2-fluoro-3-(phenyl)acrylate via Heck coupling

0.38 g (2.9 mmol, 1.5 eq.) of butyl acrylate and 0.3 g (2.2 mmol, 1.1 eq.) of K₂CO₃ are added to a solution of 0.36 g (2.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) of 1-bromo-2-fluorobenzene in 20 ml of dimethylformamide. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. 0.08 g (0.05 mmol) of [{Pd[P(C₂F₅)₂O]₂H}₂(μ-Cl)₂], prepared in accordance with Example 13, is subsequently added, and the reaction mixture is heated under reflux for 20 hours, giving butyl 2-fluoro-3-(phenyl)acrylate.

¹⁹F NMR (282.4 MHz, CDCl₃; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −116.3 m.

¹H NMR (300.13 MHz, CDCl₃; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 7.77 d (1H, CH═), ³J_(H,H)=16 Hz; 7.48 t,d (1H, ArH), ³J_(H,H)=7.6 Hz, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.8 Hz; 7.29 m (1H, ArH); 7.06 m (2H); 6.49 d (1H, ═CHCO₂Bu), ³J_(H,H)=16 Hz; 4.18 t (2H, CH₂), ³J_(H,H)=6.7 Hz; 1.65 m (2H, CH₂); 1.40 m (2H, CH₂); 0.92 t (3H, CH₃); ³J_(H,H)=7.2 Hz.

¹³C {¹H} NMR (75.47 MHz, CDCl₃; standard: TMS), δ, ppm: 166.7 s; 161.3 d (¹J_(C,F)=254 Hz); 137.0 s; 131.8 d (^(x)J_(C,F)=8.7 Hz); 128.9 d (^(x)J_(C,F)=2.9 Hz); 124.3 d (^(x)J_(C,F)=3.6 Hz); 122.5 d (²J_(C,F)=11.6 Hz); 120.8 (⁴J_(C,F)=6.5 Hz); 116.0 d (^(x)J_(C,F)=21.9 Hz); 64.5 s; 30.8 s; 19.1 s; 13.6 s.

Example 18 Synthesis of 3-fluorobiphenyl via Suzuki coupling

12.27 g (70.2 mmol, 1 eq.) of 1-bromo-3-fluorobenzene and 44.7 g (210.5 mmol, 3 eq.) of K₃PO₄ are added to a solution of 12.83 g (105.3 mmol, 1.5 eq.) of phenylboronic acid in 200 ml of isopropanol. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. 0.0021 g (14.8 μmol, 0.0021 mol %) of [{Pd[P(C₂F₅)₂O]₂H}₂(μ-Cl)₂], prepared in accordance with Example 13, is subsequently added, and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 20 hours, giving 3-fluorobiphenyl quantitatively.

Example 19 Synthesis of bis(pentafluoroethyl)thiophosphinous acid

0.04 g (0.5 mmol) of Na₂S is initially introduced in dichloromethane, and 0.5 mmol of bis(pentafluoroethyl)phosphinous acid chloride, (C₂F₅)₂PCl, obtainable in accordance with Example 2, is condensed in. After the mixture has been stirred for 20 hours, volatile substances are removed in vacuo. A colourless precipitate remains, which is dissolved in diethyl ether, and 1,6-dibromohexane is added. Volatile constituents are removed in vacuo. Excess gaseous HBr is added to the reaction mixture, and the product is isolated by fractional condensation and characterised by spectroscopy.

¹⁹F NMR (solvent: C₆D₆; standard: CCl₃F), δ, ppm: −77.2 d (2CF₃), −112.4 d (2CF₂), ²J_(P,F)=61 Hz, ³J_(P,F)=15 Hz.

³¹P{¹⁹} NMR (solvent: C₆D₆; standard: 85% H₃PO₄), δ, ppm: 17.4 d, ²J_(P,H)=25 Hz. 

1. Compounds of the formula I

or corresponding salts of the formula II

where R¹ and R² each stand, independently of one another, for straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl groups having 2 to 12 C atoms, A stands for O or S, X stands for H, straight-chain or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 18 C atoms, cycloalkyl having 3 to 7 C atoms, alkenyl having 2 to 12 C atoms, alkynyl having 2 to 12 C atoms, aryl, alkyl-aryl, Si(R⁰)₃ or Sn(R⁰)₃ if n stands for the integer 1, X stands for H, halogen, N(R⁰)₂ if n stands for the integer 0, Y⁺ stands for ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium, heterocyclic cations containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom, Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ or Cs⁺ if n stands for the integer 1, and R⁰ stands for a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms.
 2. Salt according to claim 1, characterised in that ammonium for Y⁺ in formula II corresponds to an ammonium cation of the formula (1) [NR₄]⁻  (1), where R in each case, independently of one another, can be H, OR′, NR′₂, with the proviso that a maximum of one substituent R in formula (1) is OR′, NR′₂, straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, where one or more R may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl, or partially by —OH, —OR′, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)NR′₂, —SO₂NR′₂, —C(O)X′, —SO₂OH, —SO₂X′, —NO₂, and where one or two non-adjacent carbon atoms in R which are not in the α-position may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂O—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —N⁺R′₂—, —P(O)R′O—, —C(O)NR'—, —SO₂NR′—, —OP(O)R′O—, —P(O)(NR′₂)NR′—, —PR′₂═N— or —P(O)R′— where R′ can be ═H, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and X′ can be =halogen.
 3. Salt according to claim 1, characterised in that phosphonium for Y⁺ in formula II corresponds to a phosphonium cation of the formula (2) [PR³ ₄]⁺  (2), where R³ in each case, independently of one another, can be H, OR′, NR′₂, straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, where one or more R³ may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl, or partially by —OH, —OR′, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)NR′₂, —SO₂NR′₂, —C(O)X′, —SO₂OH, —SO₂X, —NO₂, and where one or two non-adjacent carbon atoms in R³ which are not in the α-position may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂O—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —N⁺R′₂—, —P(O)R′O—, —C(O)NR′—, —SO₂NR′—, —OP(O)R′O—, —P(O)(NR′₂)NR′—, —PR′₂═N— or —P(O)R′— where R′ can be ═H, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and X′ can be=halogen.
 4. Salt according to claim 1, characterised in that guanidinium for Y⁺ in formula II corresponds to a guanidinium cation of the formula (3) [C(NR⁸R⁹)(NR¹⁰R¹¹)(NR¹²R¹³)]⁺  (3), where R⁸ to R¹³ each, independently of one another, denote H, —CN, NR′₂, —OR′, straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, where one or more of the substituents R⁸ to R¹³ may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl, or partially by —OH, —OR′, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)NR′₂, —SO₂NR′₂, —C(O)X′, —SO₂OH, —SO₂X′, —NO₂, and where one or two non-adjacent carbon atoms in R⁸ to R¹³ which are not in the α-position may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂O—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —N⁺R′₂—, —P(O)R′O—, —C(O)NR′—, —SO₂NR′—, —OP(O)R′O—, —P(O)(NR′₂)NR′—, —PR′₂═N— or —P(O)R′— where R′═H, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and X′=halogen.
 5. Salt according to claim 1, characterised in that the heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen atom in formula II conforms to the formula (4) [HetN]⁺  (4), where HetN⁺ denotes a heterocyclic cation selected from the group

where the substituents R¹′ to R⁴′ each, independently of one another, denote H, —CN, —OR′, —NR′₂, —P(O)R′₂, —P(O)(OR′)₂, —P(O)(NR′₂)₂, —C(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, saturated, partially or fully unsaturated heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl, where the substituents R^(1′), R^(2′), R^(3′) and/or R^(4′) together may also form a ring system, where one or more substituents R¹′ to R⁴′ may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl, or —OH, —OR′, —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)NR′₂, —SO₂NR′₂, —C(O)X′, —SO₂OH, —SO₂X′, —NO₂, but where R^(1′) and R^(4′) cannot simultaneously be fully substituted by halogens, and where, in the substituents R¹′ to R⁴′, one or two non-adjacent carbon atoms which are not bonded to the heteroatom may be replaced by atoms and/or atom groups selected from the group —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂O—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —N⁺R′₂—, —P(O)R′O—, —C(O)NR′—, —SO₂NR′—, —OP(O)R′O—, —P(O)(NR′₂)NR′—, —PR′₂═N— or —P(O)R′— where R′═H, unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated C₁- to C₆-alkyl, C₃- to C₇-cycloalkyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl and X′=halogen.
 6. Salt according to claim 1, characterised in that the heterocyclic cation containing at least one phosphorus atom in formula II conforms to the formula (5) [HetP]⁺  (5), where HetP⁺ denotes a heterocyclic cation selected from the group

where X₁ stands for P, Y₁ stands for N or P, R^(1″), R^(2″) and R^(3″) each, independently of one another, have the meaning H, straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1-20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkynyl having 2-20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated or partially unsaturated cycloalkyl having 3-7 C atoms, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, phenyl, which may be substituted by alkyl groups having 1-6 C atoms, saturated, partially or fully unsaturated heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl, and where one or more substituents R^(1″) to R^(3″) may be partially or fully substituted by halogens, in particular —F and/or —Cl.
 7. Process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I where A=O, X═H and n=1 and of salts of the formula II where A=O and Y⁺=Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺ or [NR₄]⁺ and n=1, characterised in that a tris(perfluoroalkyl)phosphine of the formula R¹, R²R^(F)P is reacted with an inorganic or organic base, and the resultant salt of the formula II is reacted with a Brønsted acid to give the bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acid of the formula I, where R¹, R² have a meaning indicated in claim 1, and R^(F) denotes a straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 C atoms.
 8. Process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I where A=O, X═H and n=1 and of the salts of the formula II according to claim 1 where A=O, characterised in that a bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinyl chloride of the formula R¹R²P(═O)Cl is reacted with trialkyltin hydride and subsequently with a Brønsted acid, and the resultant bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acid R¹R²POH is reacted with a base selected from Me₂O, MeCN, MeOC(O)R′″ or Me₂CO₃ or a salt KtZ to give the salt of the formula II, where Me is selected from Ag, Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs, Kt is selected from ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium or a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom, R′″ corresponds to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or aryl, and Z corresponds to an anion.
 9. Process for the preparation of compounds of the formula II according to claim 1 where n=1 and Y⁺ stands for ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium or a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom, characterised in that a salt of the formula II where n=1 and Y⁺ stands for Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ or Cs⁺ is reacted with a salt KtZ, where Kt is selected from ammonium, phosphonium, tritylium, guanidinium or a heterocyclic cation containing at least one nitrogen or phosphorus atom, and Z corresponds to an anion.
 10. Process according to claim 8, characterised in that the anion Z is selected from Cl⁻, Br⁻, R⁰COO⁻, CF₃COO⁻, [BF⁴]⁻, [PF₆]⁻ or R″SO₃ ⁻, where R⁰ has a meaning indicated in claim 1, and R″ denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 C atoms or a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 7 C atoms, which is unfluorinated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated, or denotes unsubstituted or substituted phenyl.
 11. Process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I of claim 1 where A=O, X═Cl and n=0, characterised in that a bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinyl chloride of the formula R¹R²P(═O)Cl is reacted with trialkyltin hydride and subsequently with aryltetrachlorophosphorane, and where R¹ and R² have a meaning indicated in claim
 1. 12. Process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I of claim 1 where A=O, X═Cl and n=0, characterised in that a tris(perfluoroalkyl)phosphine of the formula R¹, R²R^(F)P is reacted with an 9 MERCK-3811 inorganic or organic base and subsequently with a chlorinating agent, and where R¹, R² have a meaning indicated in claim 1, and R^(F) denotes a straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 C atoms.
 13. Process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I where A=S, X═H and n=1, characterised in that a bis(perfluoroalkyl)phosphinous acid chloride of the formula R¹R²PCl is reacted with a sulfide of the formula K′₂S, where K′ denotes Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs or [NH₄] and where R¹, R² have a meaning indicated in claim
 1. 14. Transition-metal complexes containing at least one compound of the formula I according to claim
 1. 15. Process for the preparation of the transition-metal complexes according to claim 13, characterised in that at least one compound of the formula I according to claim 1 is reacted with a precursor compound containing the metal.
 16. Use of transition-metal complexes according to claim 13 as catalyst, for the treatment of surfaces or for the production of nanoparticles of the corresponding metal.
 17. Use of salts of the formula II according to claim 1, where Ag⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ or Cs⁺ is excluded for Y⁺, as solvent or solvent additive, as phase-transfer catalyst, as extractant, as heat-transfer medium, as surface-active substance, as plasticiser, as antistatic, as flameproofing agent or as conductive salt or as additive for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical cells. 